Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations
by A. H. Sayce
The Relations between the Laws of Babylonia
and the Laws of the Hebrew Peoples
The Wars of the Jews; Or, The History of the Destruction of Jerusalem
by Flavius Josephus
The Life of Flavius Josephus
by Flavius Josephus
THE ITINERARY
OF
BENJAMIN OF TUDELA
TABLE OF CONTENTS | |||
Map showing Benjamin's route | |||
Pages | |||
INTRODUCTION | |||
I. Islam in the Middle Ages | vii | ||
II. The Object of Benjamin's Journey | xii | ||
III. Bibliography | xiii | ||
THE ITINERARY | |||
Translation of Hebrew Introduction | 1 | ||
EUROPE | |||
Saragossa, Barcelona, Narbonne | 2 | ||
Beziers, Montpellier, Lunel | 3 | ||
Posquières, Bourg de St. Gilles, Arles, Marseilles | 4 | ||
Genoa, Pisa, Lucca | 5 | ||
Rome | 5-7 | ||
Naples, Sorrento, Salerno | 8 | ||
Amalfi, Benevento, Melfi, Ascoli, Trani, Taranto, Brindisi | 9 | ||
Corfu, Arta, Patras, Lepanto, Crissa, Corinth, Thebes | 10 | ||
Wallachia, Armylo, Vissena, Salonica, Abydos | 11 | ||
Constantinople | 11-14 | ||
Rhaedestus, Gallipoli, Chios, Samos, Rhodes | 14 | ||
ASIA | |||
Cyprus, Curicus, Malmistras, Antioch | 15 | ||
Antioch, Ladikiya, Gebela, the Hashishim | 16 | ||
Kadmus, Tarabulus (Tripolis), Gubail (Byblus) | 17 | ||
Beirut, Sidon, the Druses, Tyre | 18 | ||
Acre, Haifa, Carmel | 19 | ||
Caesarea, Ludd, Samaria, Nablous | 20 | ||
The Samaritans | 20-1 | ||
Jerusalem | 22-5 | ||
Bethlehem, Hebron | 25-6 | ||
Beit Jibrin, Shiloh, Ramah | 26 | ||
Gibeah, Nob, Ramleh, Jaffa | 27 | ||
Askelon, Jezreel, Sepphoris, Tiberias | 28 | ||
Meron, Kedesh Naphtali, Banias | 29 | ||
Damascus | 29-30 | ||
Galid, Salchah | 30 | ||
Baalbec, Tadmor, Emesa, Hatnath | 31 | ||
Sheizar, Aleppo, Kalat Jabar, Rakka | 32 | ||
Harrān, Ras-el-Ain, Geziret Ibn Omar | 33 | ||
Mosul | 33-4 | ||
Rahbah, Karkisiya, El-Anbar | 34 | ||
Hadara, Okbara | 35 | ||
Bagdad | 35-42 | ||
Gazigan, Babylon | 42 | ||
Hillah, Tower of Babel, Kaphri | 43 | ||
Sepulchre of Ezekiel | 44 | ||
Kotsonath, Kefar Al-Keram, Kufa, Sura | 45 | ||
Shafjathib, El-Anbar, Hillah | 46 | ||
Kheibar, Teima, Tilmas and Tanai in Arabia | 47-50 | ||
Basra, Khuzistan, Shushan | 51 | ||
Sepulchre of Daniel | 52-3 | ||
Rudbar, Nihawand, Mulahid | 53 | ||
Amadia, History of David Alroy | 54-6 | ||
Hamadan, Tabaristan | 57 | ||
Ispahan, Shiraz, Ghaznah | 58 | ||
Samarkand, Tibet, Naisabur | 59 | ||
Expedition of Sinjar against the Ghuz | 60-2 | ||
Khuzistan, Island of Kish | 62 | ||
Katifa, Khulam (Quilon), India | 63-4 | ||
Ibrig | 65-6 | ||
China, Sea of Nikpa | 66 | ||
Al-Gingaleh, Zebid, Aden | 67 | ||
AFRICA | |||
Abyssinia and Nubia, Egypt | 68 | ||
Gana, Desert of Sahara, Fayum, Heluan, | 69 | ||
Cairo | 70-4 | ||
Alexandria | 75-7 | ||
Damietta, Sunbat, Mount Sinai, Tur Sinai, Tanis | 77-8 | ||
EUROPE. | |||
Island of Sicily, Messina, Palermo, Italy | 78-9 | ||
Germany | 79-80 | ||
Bohemia, Slavonia | 80 | ||
Russia, France, Paris | 81 | ||
ENGLISH INDEX | 82-94 | ||
FOOTNOTES |
History of the Jews, by Heinrich Graetz
A Thousand Years of Jewish History From the Days of Alexander the Great To the Moslem Conquest of Spain
Contents
Preface to revised edition v.
Introduction vi.
Themes for Discussion xiii.
Maps and Illustrations xii.
Chronological Tables xii.
Index 311
BOOK I. JUDEA A VASSAL STATE.
Chapter I. Under Persian Sway.
Political Silence — Religious activity — The Bible Canon. Notes: Persian influence — Judaism as law — Bible books.
17-25
Chapter II. Greek and Jew.
Alexander the Great — Judea part of Greco-Egypt — Joseph the Satrap. Note: Greek and Jew.
26-32
Chapter III. Judea Fights for its Faith.
The High Priest's office sold — Religious Persecution — Judas Maccabeus — Feast of Hanukkah — The Book of Daniel. Note: Immortality.
33-44
Chapter IV. Judea Fights for its Independence.
Death of Judas — Jonathan — Death of Eleazar — Independence
45-51
Chapter V. The Apocrypha.
I. Esdras — II. Esdras — Tobit — Judith — Additions to Esther — Wisdom Literature: Wisdom of Solomon — Ecclesiasticus — Baruch — Song of the Three Holy Children — History of Susanna — Bel and the Dragon — Prayer of Manasses — I. Maccabees — II. Maccabees
52-66
Chapter VI. In the Diaspora.
Egypt — The Septuagint — Onias and his temple
67-71
BOOK II. JUDEA INDEPENDENT.
Chapter VII. Pharisees and Sadducees.
Simon — Hyrcanus I. — Pharisees and Sadducees — Essenes
77-84
[ix]Chapter VIII. A Royal House Again.
Aristobulus — Alexander Janneus — Queen Salome Alexandra — The "Pairs."
85-90
Chapter IX. Rival Claimants for the Throne.
Aristobolus II. — Prayer of Onias — Pompey takes Jerusalem.
91-94
Chapter X. Judea Under Roman Suzerainty.
Growth of Rome — From First Triumvirate to Empire — Herod enters on the scene — The last Hasmonean ruler.
95-101
Chapter XI. Herod.
Herod as man — Herod as builder — Herod as father. Note: Edom, type of Rome.
102-110
Chapter XII. Hillel.
Hillel as moralist — Hillel as legislator — Last days — Shammai. Note: Law and equity.
111-117
Chapter XIII. Herod's Successors.
Antipas and John the Baptist — The last Herodian — Judea part of a Roman province.
117-122
BOOK III. JUDEA UNDER ROME.
Chapter XIV. Pilate the Procurator.
Procurators in general — Pilate in particular — Proselytes.
123-126
Chapter XV. Jesus of Nazareth.
The Messianic hope — Jesus the man — Jesus the Messiah — Christianity — Teachings of Jesus. Note: The Crucifixion.
127-135
Chapter XVI. The Alexandrian School.
Jew and Greek — Jewish Missionaries.
136-140
Chapter XVII. Philo-Judeus.
His Bible Commentary — His philosophy — The Logos — His Ethics.
141-146
Chapter XVIII. A Jewish King Once More.
The mad emperor Caligula — Agrippa's youth — Agrippa the king — Agrippa slain — Agrippa II.
147-152
[x]Chapter XIX. The Last Procurators.
The Zealots — The Sicarii.
153-156
Chapter XX. Judea's War With Rome.
Revolution — A peace party — Josephus.
157-160
Chapter XXI. The Siege.
The North succumbs — Rival parties in Jerusalem.
161-167
Chapter XXII. The Fall of Jerusalem.
Masada, the last fortress — The remnant again.
168-171
Chapter XXIII. Josephus and his Works.
His early life — Josephus vs. Jeremiah — His "History of the Jews" — "Contra Apion." Note: Josephus and Christianity.
172-180
BOOK IV. THE TALMUDIC ERA.
Chapter XXIV. Jochanan Ben Zakkai.
The Academy at Jamnia — Prayer replaces sacrifice — Halacha and Agada.
183-189
Chapter XXV. The Palestinian Academies.
R. Gamaliel — R. Joshua — Ordination of rabbis — The Prayer Book.
190-196
Chapter XXVI. Judaism and the Church.
The development of Christianity — Old and New Testaments — Gnostics. Note: Jewish Scripture and Church doctrine.
197-200
Chapter XXVII. Rome's Regime After Judea's Overthrow.
Proselytes again — Revolt against Trajan — Hadrian's "Promise."
201-205
Chapter XXVIII. Akiba.
Love and Law — Akiba's Ethics.
206-210
Chapter XXIX. Last Struggle for Liberty.
Bar Cochba — General Severus — Martyrdom.
211-216
Chapter XXX. Judah "the Saint" and His Times.
Mair and Beruria — Judah ha-Nasi — Other famous teachers.
217-221
Chapter XXXI. The Mishna.
Written and Oral Law — Quotations — Amoraim.
222-228
[xi]Chapter XXXII. Babylonia and its Schools.
The Resh Galutha — Rab and Samuel — Babylonian Schools. Note: Patriotism and Judaism.
229-238
Chapter XXXIII. Christianity the State Church of Rome.
Rome's decline — Why Christianity appealed to Romans — Judaism and Christianity contrasted — The Calendar.
239-244
Chapter XXXIV. Division of the Roman Empire.
Julian — Two Roman Empires — Goths and Vandals — Persecution of the Jews.
245-249
Chapter XXXV. The Talmud.
The Gemara — The contents — Talmudic Literature — Saboräim. Note: Law of the Talmud.
250-255
Chapter XXXVI. Sayings and Stories of the Sages of the Talmud.
God — Providence — Prayer — Righteousness — Study of the Law — Education in general — Parents and children — Woman.
256-263
Chapter XXXVII. Sayings and Stories of the Sages. (continued.)
Work — Truth — Justice and Honesty — Kindness — Charity — Humility and Patience — Sin — Repentance — Death and immortality — Wit and Humor.
264-279
BOOK V. SHEM AND JAPHETH.
Chapter XXXVIII. Beginning of the Jewish Middle Ages.
In the Byzantine Empire — Laws of Justinian — Jews again involved in war — Rome's successors — Italy — The Popes — Slavery and trade.
281-287
Chapter XXXIX. In the Spanish Peninsula.
Gaul and the Franks — Vicissitudes in Spain.
288-292
Chapter XL. Arabia.
The land and the people — Arabian Jews — Jussef the Proselyte — Samuel the chivalrous.
293-298
Chapter XLI. Mohammed.
The Hegira.
299-304
Chapter XLII. Islam and the Jews.
Christianity and Islam — The Koran or the Sword — The Spread of Islam — Fall of Visigothic Spain.
304-310
Preface to revised edition | v. |
Introduction | vi. |
Themes for Discussion | xiii. |
Maps and Illustrations | xii. |
Chronological Tables | xii. |
Index | 311 |
BOOK I. JUDEA A VASSAL STATE. | |
Chapter I. Under Persian Sway. | |
Political Silence — Religious activity — The Bible Canon. Notes: Persian influence — Judaism as law — Bible books.
| 17-25 |
Chapter II. Greek and Jew. | |
Alexander the Great — Judea part of Greco-Egypt — Joseph the Satrap. Note: Greek and Jew.
| 26-32 |
Chapter III. Judea Fights for its Faith. | |
The High Priest's office sold — Religious Persecution — Judas Maccabeus — Feast of Hanukkah — The Book of Daniel. Note: Immortality.
| 33-44 |
Chapter IV. Judea Fights for its Independence. | |
Death of Judas — Jonathan — Death of Eleazar — Independence
| 45-51 |
Chapter V. The Apocrypha. | |
I. Esdras — II. Esdras — Tobit — Judith — Additions to Esther — Wisdom Literature: Wisdom of Solomon — Ecclesiasticus — Baruch — Song of the Three Holy Children — History of Susanna — Bel and the Dragon — Prayer of Manasses — I. Maccabees — II. Maccabees
| 52-66 |
Chapter VI. In the Diaspora. | |
Egypt — The Septuagint — Onias and his temple
| 67-71 |
BOOK II. JUDEA INDEPENDENT. | |
Chapter VII. Pharisees and Sadducees.
| |
Simon — Hyrcanus I. — Pharisees and Sadducees — Essenes
| 77-84 |
[ix]Chapter VIII. A Royal House Again. | |
Aristobulus — Alexander Janneus — Queen Salome Alexandra — The "Pairs."
| 85-90 |
Chapter IX. Rival Claimants for the Throne. | |
Aristobolus II. — Prayer of Onias — Pompey takes Jerusalem.
| 91-94 |
Chapter X. Judea Under Roman Suzerainty. | |
Growth of Rome — From First Triumvirate to Empire — Herod enters on the scene — The last Hasmonean ruler.
| 95-101 |
Chapter XI. Herod. | |
Herod as man — Herod as builder — Herod as father. Note: Edom, type of Rome.
| 102-110 |
Chapter XII. Hillel. | |
Hillel as moralist — Hillel as legislator — Last days — Shammai. Note: Law and equity.
| 111-117 |
Chapter XIII. Herod's Successors. | |
Antipas and John the Baptist — The last Herodian — Judea part of a Roman province.
| 117-122 |
BOOK III. JUDEA UNDER ROME. | |
Chapter XIV. Pilate the Procurator.
| |
Procurators in general — Pilate in particular — Proselytes.
| 123-126 |
Chapter XV. Jesus of Nazareth. | |
The Messianic hope — Jesus the man — Jesus the Messiah — Christianity — Teachings of Jesus. Note: The Crucifixion.
| 127-135 |
Chapter XVI. The Alexandrian School. | |
Jew and Greek — Jewish Missionaries.
| 136-140 |
Chapter XVII. Philo-Judeus. | |
His Bible Commentary — His philosophy — The Logos — His Ethics.
| 141-146 |
Chapter XVIII. A Jewish King Once More. | |
The mad emperor Caligula — Agrippa's youth — Agrippa the king — Agrippa slain — Agrippa II.
| 147-152 |
[x]Chapter XIX. The Last Procurators. | |
The Zealots — The Sicarii.
| 153-156 |
Chapter XX. Judea's War With Rome. | |
Revolution — A peace party — Josephus.
| 157-160 |
Chapter XXI. The Siege. | |
The North succumbs — Rival parties in Jerusalem.
| 161-167 |
Chapter XXII. The Fall of Jerusalem. | |
Masada, the last fortress — The remnant again.
| 168-171 |
Chapter XXIII. Josephus and his Works. | |
His early life — Josephus vs. Jeremiah — His "History of the Jews" — "Contra Apion." Note: Josephus and Christianity.
| 172-180 |
BOOK IV. THE TALMUDIC ERA. | |
Chapter XXIV. Jochanan Ben Zakkai. | |
The Academy at Jamnia — Prayer replaces sacrifice — Halacha and Agada.
| 183-189 |
Chapter XXV. The Palestinian Academies. | |
R. Gamaliel — R. Joshua — Ordination of rabbis — The Prayer Book.
| 190-196 |
Chapter XXVI. Judaism and the Church. | |
The development of Christianity — Old and New Testaments — Gnostics. Note: Jewish Scripture and Church doctrine.
| 197-200 |
Chapter XXVII. Rome's Regime After Judea's Overthrow. | |
Proselytes again — Revolt against Trajan — Hadrian's "Promise."
| 201-205 |
Chapter XXVIII. Akiba. | |
Love and Law — Akiba's Ethics.
| 206-210 |
Chapter XXIX. Last Struggle for Liberty. | |
Bar Cochba — General Severus — Martyrdom.
| 211-216 |
Chapter XXX. Judah "the Saint" and His Times. | |
Mair and Beruria — Judah ha-Nasi — Other famous teachers.
| 217-221 |
Chapter XXXI. The Mishna. | |
Written and Oral Law — Quotations — Amoraim.
| 222-228 |
[xi]Chapter XXXII. Babylonia and its Schools. | |
The Resh Galutha — Rab and Samuel — Babylonian Schools. Note: Patriotism and Judaism.
| 229-238 |
Chapter XXXIII. Christianity the State Church of Rome. | |
Rome's decline — Why Christianity appealed to Romans — Judaism and Christianity contrasted — The Calendar.
| 239-244 |
Chapter XXXIV. Division of the Roman Empire. | |
Julian — Two Roman Empires — Goths and Vandals — Persecution of the Jews.
| 245-249 |
Chapter XXXV. The Talmud. | |
The Gemara — The contents — Talmudic Literature — Saboräim. Note: Law of the Talmud.
| 250-255 |
Chapter XXXVI. Sayings and Stories of the Sages of the Talmud. | |
God — Providence — Prayer — Righteousness — Study of the Law — Education in general — Parents and children — Woman.
| 256-263 |
Chapter XXXVII. Sayings and Stories of the Sages. (continued.) | |
Work — Truth — Justice and Honesty — Kindness — Charity — Humility and Patience — Sin — Repentance — Death and immortality — Wit and Humor.
| 264-279 |
BOOK V. SHEM AND JAPHETH. | |
Chapter XXXVIII. Beginning of the Jewish Middle Ages. | |
In the Byzantine Empire — Laws of Justinian — Jews again involved in war — Rome's successors — Italy — The Popes — Slavery and trade.
| 281-287 |
Chapter XXXIX. In the Spanish Peninsula. | |
Gaul and the Franks — Vicissitudes in Spain.
| 288-292 |
Chapter XL. Arabia. | |
The land and the people — Arabian Jews — Jussef the Proselyte — Samuel the chivalrous.
| 293-298 |
Chapter XLI. Mohammed. | |
The Hegira.
| 299-304 |
Chapter XLII. Islam and the Jews. | |
Christianity and Islam — The Koran or the Sword — The Spread of Islam — Fall of Visigothic Spain.
| 304-310 |
_________________________________________
OUTLINES OF JEWISH HISTORY B.C. 586 TO C.E. 1885
DATES OF CHIEF EVENTS AND CHIEF PEOPLE.
B.C.E. | |
Return from Babylon | 536 |
Dedication of Second Temple | 516 |
Institution of Purim | 473 |
Judea under Egyptian rule | 320 |
Simon I., the Just; high priest | 310 |
The Septuagint translation made | 240 |
Judea is conquered by Syria | 203 |
Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, King of Syria | 175‒163 |
Institution of Hanucah | 164 |
Judea an independent state | 141 |
The Idumeans are conquered, and forced to accept Judaism | 120 |
Judas Aristobulus, the first Jewish king | 106 |
Civil war between the brothers Hyrcanus II. and Aristobulus | 70 |
Pompey in Jerusalem | 63 |
Herod I. becomes King of Judea | 37 |
Hillel I. president of the Sanhedrin | 30 |
The Temple rebuilt by Herod | 20 |
C.E. | |
Judea a Roman province | 7 |
Origin of the Christian religion | 37 |
Philo, Jewish philosopher in Alexandria | 40 |
Fall of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple | 70 |
Jochanan ben Zakkai establishes a college at Jamnia | 70 |
The Pentateuch is translated into Chaldee by Onkelos, and the whole Bible into Greek by Akylos | 130 |
The Jews rise under Barcochba against the Romans | 133‒135 |
Akiba dies | 135 |
Compilation of the Mishnah by Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi | 190 |
Colleges founded in Babylonia by Rab and Samuel | 219 |
The Jerusalem Talmud compiled | 320 |
Hillel II. fixes the Jewish calendar (at present in use) | 360 |
The Babylonian Talmud completed | 500 |
A Jewish kingdom in Yemen | 500 |
First Gaon in Sura, Mar Isaac | 658 |
Origin of the vowel signs and accents in Hebrew | 650 |
The Arabs conquer Spain | 711 |
The Chazars embrace Judaism | 740 |
Development of Karaism | 761 |
Saadia of Fajum, philosopher and theologian | 892‒942 |
Foundation of colleges by Babylonian scholars in Western countries | 950 |
Hai, the last of the Gaonim | 998‒1038 |
Solomon Gabirol | 1037‒1070 |
Rashi (Rabbi Solomon Yitschaki) | 1040‒1105 |
Beginning of the Crusades and of the persecutions of the Jews in Europe | 1096 |
Moses ibn Ezra | 1070‒1139 |
Judah ha-Levi | 1085‒1145 |
Abraham ibn Ezra | 1092‒1167 |
Moses Maimonides | 1135‒1204 |
Benjamin of Tudela, traveller | 1165‒1173 |
Persecution of Jews in England under Richard I. | 1189 |
The writings of Maimonides burnt at Paris | 1233 |
The Jewish Parliament summoned by Henry III. | 1240 |
Copies of the Talmud burnt at Paris | 1242 |
Expulsion of Jews from England | 1290 |
Jacob Asheri completes the religious code called the Four Turim | 1340 |
Persecution of Jews in Europe in consequence of the Black Death | 1349 |
Don Isaac Abarbanel | 1437‒1509 |
The first Hebrew books printed | 1475 |
Inquisition against the Marannos | 1480 |
Expulsion of the Jews from Spain | 1492 |
Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal | 1497 |
The first ghetto in Venice | 1516 |
Reuchlin for the Talmud, Pfefferkorn against it | 1506‒1516 |
First complete edition of the Talmud printed | 1520 |
Spanish Jews settle in Holland | 1591 |
Manasseh ben Israel | 1604‒1657 |
Sabbatai Zevi | 1626‒1676 |
Baruch Spinoza | 1632‒1677 |
Slaughter of Jews in Poland by the Cossacks under Chmielnicki | 1648 |
Manasseh ben Israel came to England | 1655 |
First Portuguese synagogue in London | 1656 |
First German synagogue in London | 1692 |
Moses Mendelssohn born | 1729 |
The edict of Joseph II., Emperor of Austria | 1782 |
Moses Montefiore born | 1784 |
Frederick William II. of Prussia abolishes the ‘Leibzoll’ | 1787 |
The Jews in France emancipated | 1791 |
Jews admitted to the freedom of the City of London | 1832 |
The Jews’ civil disabilities in England removed | 1845 |
Persecution of Jews in Damascus: Professor Theodore’s letter on same | 1840 |
D. Salomons elected M.P. for Greenwich | 1851 |
Jewish Oath Bill passed | 1858 |
CONTENTS.
BOOK I.
B.C. 586 TO A.C. 70.
IN THE SHADOW OF THE SWORD.
CHAPTER I.
THE JEWS IN BABYLON.
1. Babylonian Exiles
2. Persian Conquest of Babylon
3. The Influences of the Exile
4. How Cyrus’s Permission was received
5. The End of the Exile
CHAPTER II.
THE RETURN TO PALESTINE.
1. The Rebuilding of the Temple
2. The Samaritans
3. The Feast of Purim
4. Ezra the Scribe
5. The Work of Ezra and Nehemiah
CHAPTER III.
LIFE IN PALESTINE.
1. Condition of the People
2. Literary Labours
3. Alexandrian Jews
4. The Septuagint
5. Under Egyptian Rule
6. Under Syrian Rule
7. Home Rule
CHAPTER IV.
THE MACCABEAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
1. Antiochus Epiphanes
2. Antiochus’s Tyranny
3. Resistance of Mattathias
4. Chasidim and Zaddikim
5. The Success of Judas Maccabeus
6. Institution of Hanucah
7. Treaty with Rome
CHAPTER V.
PALESTINE UNDER NATIVE RULE.
1. Death of Judas Maccabeus
2. Jonathan the Maccabee
3. Simon, the First of the Priest-King Dynasty
4. The Sons of Simon
5. Reign of John Hyrcanus
6. His Last Years
CHAPTER VI.
JUDEA DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE RULE OF THE ASMONEANS.
1. Rival Factions, Pharisees and Sadducees
2. How they got their Names
3. Their Tenets and Position, Religious and Political
4. State Quarrel with the Pharisees
5. The Essenes
6. Reign of Alexander Jannæus
7. After the Death of Alexander Jannæus
CHAPTER VII.
A NEW DYNASTY.
1. Antipater the Idumean
2. Rome arbitrates
3. Antipater’s plans
4. The Sanhedrin
5. The Fall of the Asmonean House
CHAPTER VIII.
REIGN OF HEROD.
1. Antipater’s ‘Desire’ fulfilled
2. How Herod strengthened his Position
3. Herod as Husband
4. Herod as Father
5. Herod as King
6. The End of Herod’s Reign
7. Hillel: a Contrast
CHAPTER IX.
JUDEA BEFORE THE WAR.
1. Herod’s Will
2. Judea sinks into a Roman Province
3. Jesus of Nazareth
4. Jews in Egypt and Syria
5. Birth of Christianity
6. Reign of Herod Agrippa
7. Caligula and the Jews
CHAPTER X.
THE WAR WITH ROME.
CHAPTER XI.
THE END OF THE WAR.
1. The Defence of the Provinces
2. Affairs in Jerusalem
3. The War Party and the Peace Party: their Leaders
4. The Siege of Jerusalem
5. A Mediator sent: Terms proposed
6. The Destruction of the Temple
BOOK II.
A.C. 70 TO 1600.
DARKNESS.
CHAPTER XII.
AFTER THE WAR.
1. Titus completes his Conquest
2. Masada
3. What became of the Chief Actors
4. What became of the Country and the People
5. Salvage
6. Jochanan ben Saccai; the Schools
7. An Unforeseen Result of the War: Jewish Christians
CHAPTER XIII.
THE REVOLT UNDER HADRIAN.
1. Conquered Jews in the West
2. Contemporary Jews in the East
3. Under Trajan
4. The Policy of Hadrian
5. The Jews in Revolt: their Leader
6. Akiba, the Romance of his Youth
7. Akiba, the Romance of his Age
8. Hadrian’s Resolve accomplished
CHAPTER XIV.
THE REVIVAL OF THE SCHOOLS: THEIR WORK.
1. One of History’s Miracles
2. The Schools: their Work
3. The Masters of the Schools
4. The Moral Influence of the Schools
5. The Political Influence of the Schools
6. The Literary Influence of the Schools
CHAPTER XV.
CHRISTIANITY A STATE RELIGION.
1. How it spread among the Heathen
2. The First Christian Emperor
3. Constantine legislates on the Subject; its Effects
4. Jews in the East under Persian Rule
5. Julian the Apostate
CHAPTER XVI.
THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES.
1. Political Changes
2. Social Changes
3. Monks and Saints
4. How Jews became Traders
5. The Slave Trade
6. Jews as Slave Owners
7. Church Councils
8. Eastern Jews
9. War between the Persian and the Byzantine Empires
CHAPTER XVII.
THE RISE OF MAHOMEDANISM.
1. The Koran or the Sword
2. What Mahomed learnt from the Jews
3. Islam
4. Likenesses between Islam and Judaism
5. Differences between Islam and Judaism
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE CONQUESTS OF THE KALIPHS: EFFECT, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL, ON THE JEWS.
1. Progress of Mahomedanism
2. Gaonim
3. Spain in the Hands of the Mahomedans
4. The Karaite Movement
5. Mahomedan Causes for Karaism
6. The Leader of the Karaite Movement
7. What became of the Sect
8. Good out of Evil
CHAPTER XIX.
LIFE UNDER THE KALIPHS.
1. Jews in the East
2. Close of the Schools; some Scholars
3. Jews in the West
4. The Policy of the Early Kaliphs
5. Some Effects of this Policy
CHAPTER XX.
JEWS IN SPAIN (710‒1150).
1. ‘Like a Dream in the Night’
2. The Jew Schools
3. The first Nagid of Spain
4. Another Nagid: troubles in Granada
5. Revival of Catholicism in Spain
6. Effect on the Jews
7. The Almohade Dynasty of Kaliphs
CHAPTER XXI.
JEWS IN SPAIN, CONTINUED (1150‒1492).
1. Under Catholic Kings in Spain
2. The Toledo Synagogue
3. The Downward Slope to Death
4. The Marannos or New Christians
5. An Effort at Argument
6. The Inquisition
7. Objects and Functions of the Inquisition
8. Some Statistics of the Inquisition
9. Edict of Expulsion
10. Abarbanel’s Intercession
CHAPTER XXII.
JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
CHAPTER XXIII.
JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE, CONTINUED.
1. The Crusades
2. Glimpses of Better Things
3. Life in France till the Expulsion thence
4. Expelled from France
5. Treatment of Jews in the German States
CHAPTER XXIV.
JEWS IN ENGLAND (1066‒1210).
1. The First Seventy Years
2. ‘Saints’ and Supplies
3. Accession of Richard
4. Treatment by Richard
5. Under John
CHAPTER XXV.
JEWS IN ENGLAND, CONTINUED (1216‒1290).
1. The Next Fifty Years
2. The Caorsini
3. The First Jewish M.P.’s
4. Another Device for raising Money
5. Under Edward I.
6. Some Ironical Legislation
7. Dishonest Jews
8. Efforts at Conversion
9. Expulsion of Jews from England
BOOK III.
A.C. 100 TO 1500.
STARLIGHT.
CHAPTER XXVI.
CONCERNING JEWISH LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN.
CHAPTER XXVII.
SOME FIXED STARS.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE GREATEST OF THE FIXED STARS, MAIMONIDES (1135‒1204).
1. Early Days in Spain
2. Life in Exile
3. Becomes a Court Physician
4. Court and other Employment
5. His Writings
6. His Character
7. The End of his Life
CHAPTER XXIX.
DARKNESS BEFORE THE DAWN.
1. The Stars die out
2. Whither the Exiles went
3. Life in Germany
4. A New Crusade
5. What became of the Spanish and Portuguese Exiles
CHAPTER XXX.
THE DARKNESS VISIBLE.
1. Deterioration of Character
2. Atmospheric Conditions
3. A Shooting Star—Sabbatai Zevi
4. How the News was received
5. The Sultan interferes
6. Sabbatai resigns his Pretensions
7. Becomes a Convert to Mahomedanism
BOOK IV.
A.C. 1591 TO 1885.
DAWN.
CHAPTER XXXI.
DAWN.
1. Beginnings of Better Days in Holland
2. The New Jerusalem
3. Sephardim and Ashkenazim
4. Spanish Jews in Holland
5. Their Acquired Intolerance
6. An Instance in Point: Uriel da Costa
CHAPTER XXXII.
MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL.
1. His Early Life
2. His Writings and his Friends
3. Manasseh finds his Vocation
4. Negotiations begun for the Return of the Jews to England
CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE RETURN OF THE JEWS TO ENGLAND.
1. Manasseh presents his Petition
2. A Christian Advocate
3. What People said
4. How the Petition was received
5. End of Manasseh’s Story
CHAPTER XXXIV.
SPINOZA.
1. Clouds obscure the Dawn
2. The Amsterdam Jews at the Time of Spinoza
3. Spinoza’s Student Days
4. Things come to a Climax
5. How Spinoza took his Sentence; his Mode of Life
6. Unto this Last
7. His Writings
8. Results
CHAPTER XXXV.
IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN.
1. A Long Night
2. Reuchlin and the Talmud
3. Another Jewish Influence: Elias Levitas
4. Some Jewish Results from the Invention of Printing
5. Influence of Printing on Kabbalistic Literature
CHAPTER XXXVI.
IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN, CONTINUED.
1. A Group of Stars
2. Polish Jews
3. French Jews
4. Social Life in Germany
5. Moral and Material Effects upon the Jews
CHAPTER XXXVII.
MOSES MENDELSSOHN.
1. Early Days in Dessau
2. Goes to Berlin
3. How he fares there
4. Seed-time
5. Harvest
6. Nathan der Weise
7. Literary Successes
8. His Home Life
9. Last Years
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS (1780‒1880).
1. Light and Shadows
2. Leopold Zunz
3. Progress of Events and Legislation in Germany
4. Progress of Events and Legislation in France
5. Progress of Events and Legislation in Italy
6. Progress of Events and Legislation in Spain and Portugal
7. Progress of Events and Legislation in Austrian Dominions
8. Progress of Events and Legislation in other European States
9. Progress of Events and Legislation in Russia and Poland
10. Progress of Events and Legislation in Danubian Provinces
11. A Glance at the Rest of the Map
CHAPTER XXXIX.
TWO CENTURIES AND A QUARTER IN ENGLAND (1660‒1885).
_________________________
JEWISH HISTORY
By S. M. Dubnow
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE GERMAN TRANSLATION
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
I. THE RANGE OF JEWISH HISTORY
Historical and Unhistorical Peoples
Three Groups of Nations
The "Most Historical" People
Extent of Jewish History
Historical and Unhistorical Peoples
Three Groups of Nations
The "Most Historical" People
Extent of Jewish History
II. THE CONTENT OF JEWISH HISTORY
Two Periods of Jewish History
The Period of Independence
The Election of the Jewish People
Priests and Prophets
The Babylonian Exile and the Scribes
The Dispersion
Jewish History and Universal History
Jewish History Characterized
Two Periods of Jewish History
The Period of Independence
The Election of the Jewish People
Priests and Prophets
The Babylonian Exile and the Scribes
The Dispersion
Jewish History and Universal History
Jewish History Characterized
III. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF JEWISH HISTORY
The National Aspect of Jewish History
The Historical Consciousness
The National Idea and National Feeling
The Universal Aspect of Jewish History
An Historical Experiment
A Moral Discipline
Humanitarian Significance of Jewish History
Schleiden and George Eliot
The National Aspect of Jewish History
The Historical Consciousness
The National Idea and National Feeling
The Universal Aspect of Jewish History
An Historical Experiment
A Moral Discipline
Humanitarian Significance of Jewish History
Schleiden and George Eliot
IV. THE HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS
Three Primary Periods
Four Composite Periods
Three Primary Periods
Four Composite Periods
V. THE PRIMARY OR BIBLICAL PERIOD
Cosmic Origin of the Jewish Religion
Tribal Organization
Egyptian Influence and Experiences
Moses
Mosaism a Religious and Moral as well as a Social and Political
System
National Deities
The Prophets and the two Kingdoms
Judaism a Universal Religion
Cosmic Origin of the Jewish Religion
Tribal Organization
Egyptian Influence and Experiences
Moses
Mosaism a Religious and Moral as well as a Social and Political
System
National Deities
The Prophets and the two Kingdoms
Judaism a Universal Religion
VI. THE SECONDARY OR SPIRITUAL-POLITICAL PERIOD
Growth of National Feeling
Ezra and Nehemiah
The Scribes
Hellenism
The Maccabees
Sadducees, Pharisees, and Essenes
Alexandrian Jews
Christianity
Growth of National Feeling
Ezra and Nehemiah
The Scribes
Hellenism
The Maccabees
Sadducees, Pharisees, and Essenes
Alexandrian Jews
Christianity
VII. THE TERTIARY TALMUDIC OR NATIONAL-RELIGIOUS PERIOD
The Isolation of Jewry and Judaism
The Mishna
The Talmud
Intellectual Activity in Palestine and Babylonia
The Agada and the Midrash
Unification of Judaism
The Isolation of Jewry and Judaism
The Mishna
The Talmud
Intellectual Activity in Palestine and Babylonia
The Agada and the Midrash
Unification of Judaism
VIII. THE GAONIC PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE ORIENTAL JEWS (500-980)
The Academies
Islam
Karaism
Beginning of Persecutions in Europe
Arabic Civilization in Europe
IX. THE RABBINIC-PHILOSOPHICAL PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE SPANISH JEWS (980-1492)
The Spanish Jews
The Arabic-Jewish Renaissance
The Crusades and the Jews
Degradation of the Jews in Christian Europe
The Provence
The Lateran Council
The Kabbala
Expulsion from Spain
X. THE RABBINIC-MYSTICAL PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE GERMAN-POLISH JEWS (1492-1789)
The Humanists and the Reformation
Palestine an Asylum for Jews
Messianic Belief and Hopes
Holland a Jewish Centre
Poland and the Jews
The Rabbinical Authorities of Poland
Isolation of the Polish Jews
Mysticism and the Practical Kabbala
Chassidism
Persecutions and Morbid Piety
The Academies
Islam
Karaism
Beginning of Persecutions in Europe
Arabic Civilization in Europe
IX. THE RABBINIC-PHILOSOPHICAL PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE SPANISH JEWS (980-1492)
The Spanish Jews
The Arabic-Jewish Renaissance
The Crusades and the Jews
Degradation of the Jews in Christian Europe
The Provence
The Lateran Council
The Kabbala
Expulsion from Spain
X. THE RABBINIC-MYSTICAL PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE GERMAN-POLISH JEWS (1492-1789)
The Humanists and the Reformation
Palestine an Asylum for Jews
Messianic Belief and Hopes
Holland a Jewish Centre
Poland and the Jews
The Rabbinical Authorities of Poland
Isolation of the Polish Jews
Mysticism and the Practical Kabbala
Chassidism
Persecutions and Morbid Piety
XI. THE MODERN PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (THE NINETEENTH CENTURY)
The French Revolution
The Jewish Middle Ages
Spiritual and Civil Emancipation
The Successors of Mendelssohn
Zunz and the Science of Judaism
The Modern Movements outside of Germany
The Jew in Russia
His Regeneration
Anti-Semitism and Judophobia
The French Revolution
The Jewish Middle Ages
Spiritual and Civil Emancipation
The Successors of Mendelssohn
Zunz and the Science of Judaism
The Modern Movements outside of Germany
The Jew in Russia
His Regeneration
Anti-Semitism and Judophobia
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