Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations
by A. H. Sayce
THE ITINERARY
OF
BENJAMIN OF TUDELA
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | | |
| Map showing Benjamin's route | | |
| | Pages |
| INTRODUCTION | | |
| I. Islam in the Middle Ages | | vii |
| II. The Object of Benjamin's Journey | | xii | |
| III. Bibliography | | xiii | |
| THE ITINERARY | | | |
| Translation of Hebrew Introduction | | 1 | |
| EUROPE | | | |
| Saragossa, Barcelona, Narbonne | | 2 | |
| Beziers, Montpellier, Lunel | | 3 | |
| Posquières, Bourg de St. Gilles, Arles, Marseilles | | 4 | |
| Genoa, Pisa, Lucca | | 5 | |
| Rome | | 5-7 | |
| Naples, Sorrento, Salerno | | 8 | |
| Amalfi, Benevento, Melfi, Ascoli, Trani, Taranto, Brindisi | | 9 | |
| Corfu, Arta, Patras, Lepanto, Crissa, Corinth, Thebes | | 10 | |
| Wallachia, Armylo, Vissena, Salonica, Abydos | | 11 | |
| Constantinople | | 11-14 | |
| Rhaedestus, Gallipoli, Chios, Samos, Rhodes | | 14 | |
| ASIA | | | |
| Cyprus, Curicus, Malmistras, Antioch | | 15 | |
| Antioch, Ladikiya, Gebela, the Hashishim | | 16 | |
| Kadmus, Tarabulus (Tripolis), Gubail (Byblus) | | 17 | |
| Beirut, Sidon, the Druses, Tyre | | 18 | |
| Acre, Haifa, Carmel | | 19 | |
| Caesarea, Ludd, Samaria, Nablous | | 20 | |
| The Samaritans | | 20-1 | |
| Jerusalem | | 22-5 | |
| Bethlehem, Hebron | | 25-6 | |
| Beit Jibrin, Shiloh, Ramah | | 26 | |
| Gibeah, Nob, Ramleh, Jaffa | | 27 | |
| Askelon, Jezreel, Sepphoris, Tiberias | | 28 | |
| Meron, Kedesh Naphtali, Banias | | 29 | |
| Damascus | | 29-30 | |
| Galid, Salchah | | 30 | |
| Baalbec, Tadmor, Emesa, Hatnath | | 31 | |
| Sheizar, Aleppo, Kalat Jabar, Rakka | | 32 | |
| Harrān, Ras-el-Ain, Geziret Ibn Omar | | 33 | |
| Mosul | | 33-4 | |
| Rahbah, Karkisiya, El-Anbar | | 34 |
| Hadara, Okbara | | 35 | |
| Bagdad | | 35-42 | |
| Gazigan, Babylon | | 42 | |
| Hillah, Tower of Babel, Kaphri | | 43 | |
| Sepulchre of Ezekiel | | 44 | |
| Kotsonath, Kefar Al-Keram, Kufa, Sura | | 45 | |
| Shafjathib, El-Anbar, Hillah | | 46 | |
| Kheibar, Teima, Tilmas and Tanai in Arabia | | 47-50 | |
| Basra, Khuzistan, Shushan | | 51 | |
| Sepulchre of Daniel | | 52-3 | |
| Rudbar, Nihawand, Mulahid | | 53 | |
| Amadia, History of David Alroy | | 54-6 | |
| Hamadan, Tabaristan | | 57 | |
| Ispahan, Shiraz, Ghaznah | | 58 | |
| Samarkand, Tibet, Naisabur | | 59 | |
| Expedition of Sinjar against the Ghuz | | 60-2 | |
| Khuzistan, Island of Kish | | 62 | |
| Katifa, Khulam (Quilon), India | | 63-4 | |
| Ibrig | | 65-6 | |
| China, Sea of Nikpa | | 66 | |
| Al-Gingaleh, Zebid, Aden | | 67 | |
| AFRICA | | | |
| Abyssinia and Nubia, Egypt | | 68 | |
| Gana, Desert of Sahara, Fayum, Heluan, | | 69 | |
| Cairo | | 70-4 | |
| Alexandria | | 75-7 | |
| Damietta, Sunbat, Mount Sinai, Tur Sinai, Tanis | | 77-8 | |
| EUROPE. | | |
| Island of Sicily, Messina, Palermo, Italy | | 78-9 | |
| Germany | | 79-80 | |
| Bohemia, Slavonia | | 80 | |
| Russia, France, Paris | | 81 | |
| ENGLISH INDEX | | 82-94 | |
| FOOTNOTES | | | |
A Thousand Years of Jewish History From the Days of Alexander the Great To the Moslem Conquest of Spain
Contents
| Preface to revised edition | v. |
| Introduction | vi. |
| Themes for Discussion | xiii. |
| Maps and Illustrations | xii. |
| Chronological Tables | xii. |
| Index | 311 |
| BOOK I. JUDEA A VASSAL STATE. |
| Chapter I. Under Persian Sway. |
Political Silence — Religious activity — The Bible Canon. Notes: Persian influence — Judaism as law — Bible books.
| 17-25 |
| Chapter II. Greek and Jew. |
Alexander the Great — Judea part of Greco-Egypt — Joseph the Satrap. Note: Greek and Jew.
| 26-32 |
| Chapter III. Judea Fights for its Faith. |
The High Priest's office sold — Religious Persecution — Judas Maccabeus — Feast of Hanukkah — The Book of Daniel. Note: Immortality.
| 33-44 |
| Chapter IV. Judea Fights for its Independence. |
Death of Judas — Jonathan — Death of Eleazar — Independence
| 45-51 |
| Chapter V. The Apocrypha. |
I. Esdras — II. Esdras — Tobit — Judith — Additions to Esther — Wisdom Literature: Wisdom of Solomon — Ecclesiasticus — Baruch — Song of the Three Holy Children — History of Susanna — Bel and the Dragon — Prayer of Manasses — I. Maccabees — II. Maccabees
| 52-66 |
| Chapter VI. In the Diaspora. |
Egypt — The Septuagint — Onias and his temple
| 67-71 |
| BOOK II. JUDEA INDEPENDENT. |
Chapter VII. Pharisees and Sadducees.
|
Simon — Hyrcanus I. — Pharisees and Sadducees — Essenes
| 77-84 |
| [ix]Chapter VIII. A Royal House Again. |
Aristobulus — Alexander Janneus — Queen Salome Alexandra — The "Pairs."
| 85-90 |
| Chapter IX. Rival Claimants for the Throne. |
Aristobolus II. — Prayer of Onias — Pompey takes Jerusalem.
| 91-94 |
| Chapter X. Judea Under Roman Suzerainty. |
Growth of Rome — From First Triumvirate to Empire — Herod enters on the scene — The last Hasmonean ruler.
| 95-101 |
| Chapter XI. Herod. |
Herod as man — Herod as builder — Herod as father. Note: Edom, type of Rome.
| 102-110 |
| Chapter XII. Hillel. |
Hillel as moralist — Hillel as legislator — Last days — Shammai. Note: Law and equity.
| 111-117 |
| Chapter XIII. Herod's Successors. |
Antipas and John the Baptist — The last Herodian — Judea part of a Roman province.
| 117-122 |
| BOOK III. JUDEA UNDER ROME. |
Chapter XIV. Pilate the Procurator.
|
Procurators in general — Pilate in particular — Proselytes.
| 123-126 |
| Chapter XV. Jesus of Nazareth. |
The Messianic hope — Jesus the man — Jesus the Messiah — Christianity — Teachings of Jesus. Note: The Crucifixion.
| 127-135 |
| Chapter XVI. The Alexandrian School. |
Jew and Greek — Jewish Missionaries.
| 136-140 |
| Chapter XVII. Philo-Judeus. |
His Bible Commentary — His philosophy — The Logos — His Ethics.
| 141-146 |
| Chapter XVIII. A Jewish King Once More. |
The mad emperor Caligula — Agrippa's youth — Agrippa the king — Agrippa slain — Agrippa II.
| 147-152 |
| [x]Chapter XIX. The Last Procurators. |
The Zealots — The Sicarii.
| 153-156 |
| Chapter XX. Judea's War With Rome. |
Revolution — A peace party — Josephus.
| 157-160 |
| Chapter XXI. The Siege. |
The North succumbs — Rival parties in Jerusalem.
| 161-167 |
| Chapter XXII. The Fall of Jerusalem. |
Masada, the last fortress — The remnant again.
| 168-171 |
| Chapter XXIII. Josephus and his Works. |
His early life — Josephus vs. Jeremiah — His "History of the Jews" — "Contra Apion." Note: Josephus and Christianity.
| 172-180 |
| BOOK IV. THE TALMUDIC ERA. |
| Chapter XXIV. Jochanan Ben Zakkai. |
The Academy at Jamnia — Prayer replaces sacrifice — Halacha and Agada.
| 183-189 |
| Chapter XXV. The Palestinian Academies. |
R. Gamaliel — R. Joshua — Ordination of rabbis — The Prayer Book.
| 190-196 |
| Chapter XXVI. Judaism and the Church. |
The development of Christianity — Old and New Testaments — Gnostics. Note: Jewish Scripture and Church doctrine.
| 197-200 |
| Chapter XXVII. Rome's Regime After Judea's Overthrow. |
Proselytes again — Revolt against Trajan — Hadrian's "Promise."
| 201-205 |
| Chapter XXVIII. Akiba. |
Love and Law — Akiba's Ethics.
| 206-210 |
| Chapter XXIX. Last Struggle for Liberty. |
Bar Cochba — General Severus — Martyrdom.
| 211-216 |
| Chapter XXX. Judah "the Saint" and His Times. |
Mair and Beruria — Judah ha-Nasi — Other famous teachers.
| 217-221 |
| Chapter XXXI. The Mishna. |
Written and Oral Law — Quotations — Amoraim.
| 222-228 |
| [xi]Chapter XXXII. Babylonia and its Schools. |
The Resh Galutha — Rab and Samuel — Babylonian Schools. Note: Patriotism and Judaism.
| 229-238 |
| Chapter XXXIII. Christianity the State Church of Rome. |
Rome's decline — Why Christianity appealed to Romans — Judaism and Christianity contrasted — The Calendar.
| 239-244 |
| Chapter XXXIV. Division of the Roman Empire. |
Julian — Two Roman Empires — Goths and Vandals — Persecution of the Jews.
| 245-249 |
| Chapter XXXV. The Talmud. |
The Gemara — The contents — Talmudic Literature — Saboräim. Note: Law of the Talmud.
| 250-255 |
| Chapter XXXVI. Sayings and Stories of the Sages of the Talmud. |
God — Providence — Prayer — Righteousness — Study of the Law — Education in general — Parents and children — Woman.
| 256-263 |
| Chapter XXXVII. Sayings and Stories of the Sages. (continued.) |
Work — Truth — Justice and Honesty — Kindness — Charity — Humility and Patience — Sin — Repentance — Death and immortality — Wit and Humor.
| 264-279 |
| BOOK V. SHEM AND JAPHETH. |
| Chapter XXXVIII. Beginning of the Jewish Middle Ages. |
In the Byzantine Empire — Laws of Justinian — Jews again involved in war — Rome's successors — Italy — The Popes — Slavery and trade.
| 281-287 |
| Chapter XXXIX. In the Spanish Peninsula. |
Gaul and the Franks — Vicissitudes in Spain.
| 288-292 |
| Chapter XL. Arabia. |
The land and the people — Arabian Jews — Jussef the Proselyte — Samuel the chivalrous.
| 293-298 |
| Chapter XLI. Mohammed. |
The Hegira.
| 299-304 |
| Chapter XLII. Islam and the Jews. |
Christianity and Islam — The Koran or the Sword — The Spread of Islam — Fall of Visigothic Spain.
| 304-310
|
_________________________________________
OUTLINES OF JEWISH HISTORY B.C. 586 TO C.E. 1885
DATES OF CHIEF EVENTS AND CHIEF PEOPLE.
| B.C.E. |
| Return from Babylon | 536 |
| Dedication of Second Temple | 516 |
| Institution of Purim | 473 |
| Judea under Egyptian rule | 320 |
| Simon I., the Just; high priest | 310 |
| The Septuagint translation made | 240 |
| Judea is conquered by Syria | 203 |
| Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, King of Syria | 175‒163 |
| Institution of Hanucah | 164 |
| Judea an independent state | 141 |
| The Idumeans are conquered, and forced to accept Judaism | 120 |
| Judas Aristobulus, the first Jewish king | 106 |
| Civil war between the brothers Hyrcanus II. and Aristobulus | 70 |
| Pompey in Jerusalem | 63 |
| Herod I. becomes King of Judea | 37 |
| Hillel I. president of the Sanhedrin | 30 |
| The Temple rebuilt by Herod | 20 |
| C.E. |
| Judea a Roman province | 7 |
| Origin of the Christian religion | 37 |
| Philo, Jewish philosopher in Alexandria | 40 |
| Fall of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple | 70 |
| Jochanan ben Zakkai establishes a college at Jamnia | 70 |
| The Pentateuch is translated into Chaldee by Onkelos, and the whole Bible into Greek by Akylos | 130 |
| The Jews rise under Barcochba against the Romans | 133‒135 |
| Akiba dies | 135 |
| Compilation of the Mishnah by Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi | 190 |
| Colleges founded in Babylonia by Rab and Samuel | 219 |
| The Jerusalem Talmud compiled | 320 |
| Hillel II. fixes the Jewish calendar (at present in use) | 360 |
| The Babylonian Talmud completed | 500 |
| A Jewish kingdom in Yemen | 500 |
| First Gaon in Sura, Mar Isaac | 658 |
| Origin of the vowel signs and accents in Hebrew | 650 |
| The Arabs conquer Spain | 711 |
| The Chazars embrace Judaism | 740 |
| Development of Karaism | 761 |
| Saadia of Fajum, philosopher and theologian | 892‒942 |
| Foundation of colleges by Babylonian scholars in Western countries | 950 |
| Hai, the last of the Gaonim | 998‒1038 |
| Solomon Gabirol | 1037‒1070 |
| Rashi (Rabbi Solomon Yitschaki) | 1040‒1105 |
| Beginning of the Crusades and of the persecutions of the Jews in Europe | 1096 |
| Moses ibn Ezra | 1070‒1139 |
| Judah ha-Levi | 1085‒1145 |
| Abraham ibn Ezra | 1092‒1167 |
| Moses Maimonides | 1135‒1204 |
| Benjamin of Tudela, traveller | 1165‒1173 |
| Persecution of Jews in England under Richard I. | 1189 |
| The writings of Maimonides burnt at Paris | 1233 |
| The Jewish Parliament summoned by Henry III. | 1240 |
| Copies of the Talmud burnt at Paris | 1242 |
| Expulsion of Jews from England | 1290 |
| Jacob Asheri completes the religious code called the Four Turim | 1340 |
| Persecution of Jews in Europe in consequence of the Black Death | 1349 |
| Don Isaac Abarbanel | 1437‒1509 |
| The first Hebrew books printed | 1475 |
| Inquisition against the Marannos | 1480 |
| Expulsion of the Jews from Spain | 1492 |
| Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal | 1497 |
| The first ghetto in Venice | 1516 |
| Reuchlin for the Talmud, Pfefferkorn against it | 1506‒1516 |
| First complete edition of the Talmud printed | 1520 |
| Spanish Jews settle in Holland | 1591 |
| Manasseh ben Israel | 1604‒1657 |
| Sabbatai Zevi | 1626‒1676 |
| Baruch Spinoza | 1632‒1677 |
| Slaughter of Jews in Poland by the Cossacks under Chmielnicki | 1648 |
| Manasseh ben Israel came to England | 1655 |
| First Portuguese synagogue in London | 1656 |
| First German synagogue in London | 1692 |
| Moses Mendelssohn born | 1729 |
| The edict of Joseph II., Emperor of Austria | 1782 |
| Moses Montefiore born | 1784 |
| Frederick William II. of Prussia abolishes the ‘Leibzoll’ | 1787 |
| The Jews in France emancipated | 1791 |
| Jews admitted to the freedom of the City of London | 1832 |
| The Jews’ civil disabilities in England removed | 1845 |
| Persecution of Jews in Damascus: Professor Theodore’s letter on same | 1840 |
| D. Salomons elected M.P. for Greenwich | 1851 |
| Jewish Oath Bill passed | 1858 |
CONTENTS.
B.C. 586 TO A.C. 70.
IN THE SHADOW OF THE SWORD.
THE JEWS IN BABYLON.
2. Persian Conquest of Babylon
3. The Influences of the Exile
4. How Cyrus’s Permission was received
THE RETURN TO PALESTINE.
1. The Rebuilding of the Temple
5. The Work of Ezra and Nehemiah
LIFE IN PALESTINE.
1. Condition of the People
THE MACCABEAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
3. Resistance of Mattathias
5. The Success of Judas Maccabeus
6. Institution of Hanucah
PALESTINE UNDER NATIVE RULE.
1. Death of Judas Maccabeus
3. Simon, the First of the Priest-King Dynasty
5. Reign of John Hyrcanus
JUDEA DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE RULE OF THE ASMONEANS.
1. Rival Factions, Pharisees and Sadducees
2. How they got their Names
3. Their Tenets and Position, Religious and Political
4. State Quarrel with the Pharisees
6. Reign of Alexander Jannæus
7. After the Death of Alexander Jannæus
A NEW DYNASTY.
5. The Fall of the Asmonean House
REIGN OF HEROD.
1. Antipater’s ‘Desire’ fulfilled
2. How Herod strengthened his Position
6. The End of Herod’s Reign
JUDEA BEFORE THE WAR.
2. Judea sinks into a Roman Province
4. Jews in Egypt and Syria
6. Reign of Herod Agrippa
THE WAR WITH ROME.
1. Agrippa
II.; Roman Governors
2. Vespasian sent to Judea
3. Preparations for Defence
THE END OF THE WAR.
1. The Defence of the Provinces
3. The War Party and the Peace Party: their Leaders
4. The Siege of Jerusalem
5. A Mediator sent: Terms proposed
6. The Destruction of the Temple
A.C. 70 TO 1600.
DARKNESS.
AFTER THE WAR.
1. Titus completes his Conquest
3. What became of the Chief Actors
4. What became of the Country and the People
6. Jochanan ben Saccai; the Schools
7. An Unforeseen Result of the War: Jewish Christians
THE REVOLT UNDER HADRIAN.
1. Conquered Jews in the West
2. Contemporary Jews in the East
5. The Jews in Revolt: their Leader
6. Akiba, the Romance of his Youth
7. Akiba, the Romance of his Age
8. Hadrian’s Resolve accomplished
THE REVIVAL OF THE SCHOOLS: THEIR WORK.
1. One of History’s Miracles
2. The Schools: their Work
3. The Masters of the Schools
4. The Moral Influence of the Schools
5. The Political Influence of the Schools
6. The Literary Influence of the Schools
CHRISTIANITY A STATE RELIGION.
1. How it spread among the Heathen
2. The First Christian Emperor
3. Constantine legislates on the Subject; its Effects
4. Jews in the East under Persian Rule
THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES.
4. How Jews became Traders
9. War between the Persian and the Byzantine Empires
THE RISE OF MAHOMEDANISM.
1. The Koran or the Sword
2. What Mahomed learnt from the Jews
4. Likenesses between Islam and Judaism
5. Differences between Islam and Judaism
THE CONQUESTS OF THE KALIPHS: EFFECT, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL, ON THE JEWS.
1. Progress of Mahomedanism
3. Spain in the Hands of the Mahomedans
5. Mahomedan Causes for Karaism
6. The Leader of the Karaite Movement
7. What became of the Sect
LIFE UNDER THE KALIPHS.
2. Close of the Schools; some Scholars
4. The Policy of the Early Kaliphs
5. Some Effects of this Policy
JEWS IN SPAIN
(710‒1150).
1. ‘Like a Dream in the Night’
3. The first Nagid of Spain
4. Another Nagid: troubles in Granada
5. Revival of Catholicism in Spain
7. The Almohade Dynasty of Kaliphs
JEWS IN SPAIN, CONTINUED
(1150‒1492).
1. Under Catholic Kings in Spain
3. The Downward Slope to Death
4. The Marannos or New Christians
7. Objects and Functions of the Inquisition
8. Some Statistics of the Inquisition
10. Abarbanel’s Intercession
JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
1. General Position of European Jews
2. Jews become Money-lenders
JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE, CONTINUED.
2. Glimpses of Better Things
3. Life in France till the Expulsion thence
5. Treatment of Jews in the German States
JEWS IN ENGLAND
(1066‒1210).
1. The First Seventy Years
JEWS IN ENGLAND, CONTINUED
(1216‒1290).
3. The First Jewish
M.P.’s
4. Another Device for raising Money
6. Some Ironical Legislation
9. Expulsion of Jews from England
A.C. 100 TO 1500.
STARLIGHT.
CONCERNING JEWISH LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN.
SOME FIXED STARS.
THE GREATEST OF THE FIXED STARS, MAIMONIDES
(1135‒1204).
3. Becomes a Court Physician
4. Court and other Employment
DARKNESS BEFORE THE DAWN.
2. Whither the Exiles went
5. What became of the Spanish and Portuguese Exiles
THE DARKNESS VISIBLE.
1. Deterioration of Character
2. Atmospheric Conditions
3. A Shooting Star—Sabbatai Zevi
4. How the News was received
6. Sabbatai resigns his Pretensions
7. Becomes a Convert to Mahomedanism
A.C. 1591 TO 1885.
DAWN.
DAWN.
1. Beginnings of Better Days in Holland
3. Sephardim and Ashkenazim
4. Spanish Jews in Holland
5. Their Acquired Intolerance
6. An Instance in Point: Uriel da Costa
MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL.
2. His Writings and his Friends
3. Manasseh finds his Vocation
4. Negotiations begun for the Return of the Jews to England
THE RETURN OF THE JEWS TO ENGLAND.
1. Manasseh presents his Petition
4. How the Petition was received
5. End of Manasseh’s Story
SPINOZA.
1. Clouds obscure the Dawn
2. The Amsterdam Jews at the Time of Spinoza
3. Spinoza’s Student Days
4. Things come to a Climax
5. How Spinoza took his Sentence; his Mode of Life
IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN.
2. Reuchlin and the Talmud
3. Another Jewish Influence: Elias Levitas
4. Some Jewish Results from the Invention of Printing
5. Influence of Printing on Kabbalistic Literature
IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN, CONTINUED.
4. Social Life in Germany
5. Moral and Material Effects upon the Jews
MOSES MENDELSSOHN.
THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS
(1780‒1880).
3. Progress of Events and Legislation in Germany
4. Progress of Events and Legislation in France
5. Progress of Events and Legislation in Italy
6. Progress of Events and Legislation in Spain and Portugal
7. Progress of Events and Legislation in Austrian Dominions
8. Progress of Events and Legislation in other European States
9. Progress of Events and Legislation in Russia and Poland
10. Progress of Events and Legislation in Danubian Provinces
11. A Glance at the Rest of the Map
TWO CENTURIES AND A QUARTER IN ENGLAND
(1660‒1885).
2. Influx of Germans and Poles: how received
4. Progress of Anglo-Jewish Legislation
6. The Nineteenth Century
7. A Slander revived and slain
8. The Man of the Nineteenth Century
_________________________
JEWISH HISTORY
By S. M. Dubnow
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE GERMAN TRANSLATION
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
I. THE RANGE OF JEWISH HISTORY
Historical and Unhistorical Peoples
Three Groups of Nations
The "Most Historical" People
Extent of Jewish History
II. THE CONTENT OF JEWISH HISTORY
Two Periods of Jewish History
The Period of Independence
The Election of the Jewish People
Priests and Prophets
The Babylonian Exile and the Scribes
The Dispersion
Jewish History and Universal History
Jewish History Characterized
III. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF JEWISH HISTORY
The National Aspect of Jewish History
The Historical Consciousness
The National Idea and National Feeling
The Universal Aspect of Jewish History
An Historical Experiment
A Moral Discipline
Humanitarian Significance of Jewish History
Schleiden and George Eliot
IV. THE HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS
Three Primary Periods
Four Composite Periods
V. THE PRIMARY OR BIBLICAL PERIOD
Cosmic Origin of the Jewish Religion
Tribal Organization
Egyptian Influence and Experiences
Moses
Mosaism a Religious and Moral as well as a Social and Political
System
National Deities
The Prophets and the two Kingdoms
Judaism a Universal Religion
VI. THE SECONDARY OR SPIRITUAL-POLITICAL PERIOD
Growth of National Feeling
Ezra and Nehemiah
The Scribes
Hellenism
The Maccabees
Sadducees, Pharisees, and Essenes
Alexandrian Jews
Christianity
VII. THE TERTIARY TALMUDIC OR NATIONAL-RELIGIOUS PERIOD
The Isolation of Jewry and Judaism
The Mishna
The Talmud
Intellectual Activity in Palestine and Babylonia
The Agada and the Midrash
Unification of Judaism
VIII. THE GAONIC PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE ORIENTAL JEWS (500-980)
The Academies
Islam
Karaism
Beginning of Persecutions in Europe
Arabic Civilization in Europe
IX. THE RABBINIC-PHILOSOPHICAL PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE SPANISH JEWS (980-1492)
The Spanish Jews
The Arabic-Jewish Renaissance
The Crusades and the Jews
Degradation of the Jews in Christian Europe
The Provence
The Lateran Council
The Kabbala
Expulsion from Spain
X. THE RABBINIC-MYSTICAL PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE GERMAN-POLISH JEWS (1492-1789)
The Humanists and the Reformation
Palestine an Asylum for Jews
Messianic Belief and Hopes
Holland a Jewish Centre
Poland and the Jews
The Rabbinical Authorities of Poland
Isolation of the Polish Jews
Mysticism and the Practical Kabbala
Chassidism
Persecutions and Morbid Piety
XI. THE MODERN PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (THE NINETEENTH CENTURY)
The French Revolution
The Jewish Middle Ages
Spiritual and Civil Emancipation
The Successors of Mendelssohn
Zunz and the Science of Judaism
The Modern Movements outside of Germany
The Jew in Russia
His Regeneration
Anti-Semitism and Judophobia
